waiting probability

- access-denial probability

1. look; appear, seem

изглеждам като него I resemble him, I look like him

изглеждам добре look well

изглежда да е честен човек he seems/appears (to be) honest

как изглеждаше? (на вид) what did he look like?

тя изглежда на годините си she looks her age

тя не изглежда на годините си (изглежда по-млада) she bears her age well

изглеждам стар look old

2. безл. it appears/seems/looks

изглежда, че ще дойде it seems he will come

както изглежда presumably, to all appearances, in all probability

така изглежда it seems so, it looks like it; so it seems/appears

изглежда, че ще имаме хубаво време it looks as if the weather is going to be fine

изглежда, че ще вали it looks like rain, it looks as though it will rain

не изглежда да има голяма разлика there doesn't seem to be much difference

3. изгледам examine (closely), scrutinize; look over, survey; give s.o. a look

изглеждам от главата до петите examine/survey from top to toe, measure (s.o.) with o.'s eyes, look (s.o.) up and down

съперниците се изгледаха the rivals measured each other

4. (отглеждам) bring up, rear

изгледаха ми се очите за тебе I've been waiting and waiting for you

* * *

изглѐждам,

1. look; appear, seem; изглежда да е честен човек he seems/appears (to be) honest; \изглеждам като него I resemble him, I look like him; \изглеждам отлично разг. look a treat; как изглеждаше? (на вид) what did he look like? нещата са по-сложни, отколкото изглеждат there’s more to it than meets the eye; тя изглежда на годините си she looks her age;

2. безл. it appears/seems/looks; изглежда, че ще дойде it seems he will come; както изглежда presumably, to all appearances, in all probability; не изглежда да има голяма разлика there doesn’t seem to be much difference; така изглежда it seems so, it looks like it; so it seems/appears.

——————

1. examine (closely), scrutinize; look over, survey; give s.o. a look; \изглеждам от главата до петите examine/survey from top to toe, measure (s.o.) with o.’s eyes, look/eye (s.o.) up and down;

2. ( отглеждам) bring up, rear; • изгледаха ми се очите за тебе I’ve been waiting and waiting for you.

* * *

look: I изглеждам like him. - Изглеждам като него.; appear; seem

* * *

The direct French equivalent of the verb to be in subject + to be + predicate sentences is être:

= je suis fatigué

= Caroline est française

= les enfants sont dans le jardin

It functions in very much the same way as to be does in English and it is safe to assume it will work as a translation in the great majority of cases.

Note, however, that when you are specifying a person’s profession or trade, a/an is not translated:

= elle est médecin

= Claudie est toujours étudiante

This is true of any noun used in apposition when the subject is a person:

= il est veuf

But

= Lyon est une belle ville

For more information or expressions involving professions and trades consult the usage note Shops, Trades and Professions.

For the conjugation of the verb être see the French verb tables.

The passive

être is used to form the passive in French just as to be is used in English. Note, however, that the past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject:

= le lapin a été tué par un renard

= la fenêtre avait été cassée

= leurs livres seront vendus

= nos portes ont été repeintes en rouge

In spoken language, French native speakers find the passive cumbersome and will avoid it where possible by using the impersonal on where a person or people are clearly involved : on a repeint nos portes en rouge.

In French the idea of something happening over a period of time cannot be expressed using the verb être in the way that to be is used as an auxiliary verb in English.

French uses simply the present tense where English uses the progressive form with to be:

= je travaille

= Ben lit un livre

In order to accentuate duration être en train de is used: je suis en train de travailler ; Ben est en train de lire un livre.

French also uses the present tense where English uses the progressive form with to be:

= nous allons à Londres demain

= j’arrive!

= j’y vais!

To express the distinction between she read a newspaper and she was reading a newspaper French uses the perfect and the imperfect tenses: elle a lu un journal/elle lisait un journal:

= il a écrit à sa mère

= il écrivait à sa mère

However, in order to accentuate the notion of describing an activity which went on over a period of time, the phrase être en train de (= to be in the process of) is often used:

= ‘qu’est-ce qu’il faisait quand tu es arrivé?’ ‘il était en train de préparer le dîner’

= elle était juste en train de finir sa dissertation quand …

Compound past tenses in the progressive form in English are generally translated by the imperfect in French:

= je te cherchais

For progressive forms + for and since (I’ve been waiting for an hour, I had been waiting for an hour, I’ve been waiting since Monday etc.) see the entries for and since.

When to be is used as an auxiliary verb with another verb in the infinitive ( to be to do) expressing obligation, a fixed arrangement or destiny, devoir is used:

= elle doit le faire tout de suite

= qu’est-ce que je dois faire?

= il devait arriver lundi dernier

= elle ne devait plus le revoir.

French has no direct equivalent of tag questions like isn’t he? or wasn’t it? There is a general tag question n’est-ce pas? (literally isn’t it so?) which will work in many cases:

= leur maison est très belle, n’est-ce pas?

= il est médecin, n’est-ce pas?

= c’était un très bon repas, n’est-ce pas?

However, n’est-ce pas can very rarely be used for positive tag questions and some other way will be found to express the extra meaning contained in the tag: par hasard ( by any chance) can be very useful as a translation:

= ‘je ne trouve pas mes lunettes’ ‘elles ne sont pas dans la cuisine, par hasard?’

= tu n’as pas vu Gaby, par hasard?

In cases where an opinion is being sought, si? meaning more or less or is it? or was it? etc. can be useful:

= ce n’est pas cassé, si?

= il n’était pas sérieux, si?

In many other cases the tag question is simply not translated at all and the speaker’s intonation will convey the implied question.

Again, there is no direct equivalent for short answers like yes I am, no he’s not etc. Where the answer yes is given to contradict a negative question or statement, the most useful translation is si:

= ‘tu ne sors pas ce soir’ ‘si’

In reply to a standard enquiry the tag will not be translated:

= ‘êtes-vous médecin?’ ‘oui’

= ‘est-ce qu’il pleuvait?’ ‘oui’

For expressions of probability and supposition ( if I were you etc.) see the entry be.

In expressing physical and mental sensations, the verb used in French is avoir:

= avoir froid

= avoir chaud

= j’ai froid

= avoir soif

= avoir faim

= avoir honte

= j’ai froid aux mains

If, however, you are in doubt as to which verb to use in such expressions, you should consult the entry for the appropriate adjective.

In expressions of health and polite enquiries about how people are, aller is used:

= comment allez-vous?

( more informally) comment vas-tu?

( very informally as a greeting) ça va?

= vous allez bien?

= comment va votre fille?

= mon père va mieux aujourd’hui

In expressions of weather and temperature faire is generally used:

= il fait froid

= il fait du vent

If in doubt, consult the appropriate adjective entry.

When to be is used in the present perfect tense to mean go, visit etc., French will generally use the verbs venir, aller etc. rather than être:

= je ne suis jamais allé en Suède

= est-ce que tu es déjà allé au Louvre?

or est-ce que tu as déjà visité le Louvre?

= Paul est venu nous voir trois fois

Note too:

= est-ce que le facteur est passé?

For here is, here are, there is, there are see the entries here and there.

The translation for an expression or idiom containing the verb to be will be found in the dictionary at the entry for another word in the expression: for to be in danger see danger, for it would be best to … see best etc.

This dictionary contains usage notes on topics such as the clock, time units, age, weight measurement, days of the week, and shops, trades and professions, many of which include translations of particular uses of to be.

1) (to speak or utter: What did you say?; She said `Yes'.) decir

2) (to tell, state or declare: She said how she had enjoyed meeting me; She is said to be very beautiful.) decir

3) (to repeat: The child says her prayers every night.) decir

4) (to guess or estimate: I can't say when he'll return.) decir

- saying

say vb decir

El pasado y participio pasado de say es said

tr[seɪ]

transitive verb (pt & pp said tr[sed])

1 (gen) decir; (express) expresar; (state) afirmar, declarar

■ what did he say? ¿qué dijo?, ¿qué ha dicho?

■ could you say that again? ¿podrías repetir eso?

■ first she said yes and then no primero dijo que sí y luego que no

■ I thought you said you could cook! ¡no habías dicho que sabías cocinar!

■ she said to be here at 9.00 pm dijo que teníamos que estar aquí a las 9.00

■ they say he killed her dicen que la mató

2 (prayer) rezar; (poem, lines) recitar

3 (newspaper, sign, etc) decir; (clock, meter, etc) marcar

■ what does the guidebook say? ¿qué dice la guía?, ¿qué pone en la guía?

■ what time does your watch say? ¿qué hora marca tu reloj?

4 (think) pensar, opinar, decir

■ what do you say? ¿qué opinas?

■ I say we keep looking creo que deberíamos seguir buscando

■ what do you say we have a break? ¿qué te parece si hacemos un descanso?

■ what would you say to an ice-cream? ¿te apetece un helado?

5 (suppose) suponer, poner, decir

■ say you found a wallet, what would you do? supongamos que encuentras una cartera, ¿qué harías?

■ come round at, say, 8.00pm pásate hacia las 8.00, ¿te parece?

■ shall we say Saturday then? ¿quedamos el sábado, pues?

noun

1 opinión nombre femenino

■ I didn't have much say in the matter no tuve ni voz ni voto en el asunto

interjection

1 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL familiar ¡oye!, ¡oiga!

\

having said that... a pesar de eso..., no obstante...

I say! (calling somebody) ¡oiga!, ¡oye! 2 (surprise) ¡caramba!, ¡caray!

I'll say! ¡ya lo creo!

it goes without saying that... por supuesto que..., huelga decir que...

it is said that... dicen que..., se dice que...

never say die no rendirse

not to have a lot to say for oneself no tener mucho que decir

not to say... por no decir...

not to say much for somebody/something decir mal de alguien/algo

say no more! (interrupting) ¡basta! 2 (I understand) ¡no me digas más!

say when! ¡ya me dirás basta!

that is to say es decir

the least said the better cuanto menos decimos, mejor

to have one's say dar su opinión, hablar

to not say a dicky-bird no decir ni pío

to say a lot for somebody/something decir mucho en favor de alguien/algo

to say nothing of... por no decir nada de..., por no mencionar...

to say the least como mínimo

to say to oneself decir para sí

when all is said and done al fin y al cabo

you can say that again! ¡y que lo digas!, ¡ya lo creo!

you don't say! ¡no me digas!

you said it! ¡ya lo creo!; ¡dímelo a mí!

say ['seɪ] v, said ['sɛd] ; saying ; says ['sz] vt

1) express, utter: decir, expresar

to say no: decir que no

that goes without saying: ni que decir tiene

no sooner said than done: dicho y hecho

to say again: repetir

to say one's prayers: rezar

2) indicate: marcar, poner

my watch says three o'clock: mi reloj marca las tres

what does the sign say?: ¿qué pone el letrero?

3) allege: decir

it's said that she's pretty: se dice que es bonita

say vi

: decir

say n, pl says ['seɪz] : voz f, opinión f

to have no say: no tener ni voz ni voto

to have one's say: dar uno su opinión

• decir s.m.

• voz (Voto) s.f.

(§ p.,p.p.: said) = decir v.

(§pres: digo, dices...) pret: dij-

1) (utter, express in speech) \<\<word/sentence/mass\>\> decir*; \<\<prayer\>\> rezar*

2)

a) ( state) decir*

b) \<\<watch/dial\>\> marcar*

3)

a) ( suppose) (colloq) suponer*, poner*

b) ( estimate) decir*

4)

a) ( allege) decir*

b) (decide, pronounce) decir*

5) ( respond to suggestion) (colloq)

vi decir*

noun (no pl)

a) ( statement of view)

b) ( power)

1. VT

1) [person] (=speak, tell) decir

2) (=show on dial) marcar; (=show in print) poner, decir

3) (in phrases)

- what he says goes

4) (impersonal use)

5) (in exclamations)

6) (=suppose) suponer, decir, poner

* * *

1) (utter, express in speech) \<\<word/sentence/mass\>\> decir*; \<\<prayer\>\> rezar*

2)

a) ( state) decir*

b) \<\<watch/dial\>\> marcar*

3)

a) ( suppose) (colloq) suponer*, poner*

b) ( estimate) decir*

4)

a) ( allege) decir*

b) (decide, pronounce) decir*

5) ( respond to suggestion) (colloq)

vi decir*

noun (no pl)

a) ( statement of view)

b) ( power)

* * *

выдвига́ть тео́рию — advance [propose] a theory

объясня́ть что-л. на основа́нии тео́рии — explain smth. on a theory

отказа́ться от тео́рии — abandon a theory

отклоня́ть тео́рию — reject a theory

подтвержда́ть тео́рию эксперимента́льно — verify a theory by experiment

принима́ть [признава́ть] тео́рию — accept a theory

тео́рия автомоде́льности — similarity theory

тео́рия адсо́рбции Бруна́уэра—Эмме́тта—Те́ллера — BET theory of adsorption

тео́рия Ба́рдина—Ку́пера—Шри́ффера [БКШ] — Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer [BCS] theory

тео́рия больши́х сигна́лов — large signal theory

тео́рия бу́левых а́лгебр — Boolean calculus

тео́рия вероя́тностей — theory of probability, probability theory

тео́рия Ви́нера — prediction theory

тео́рия возмуще́ний мат. — perturbation theory

тео́рия второ́го приближе́ния — second-order theory

тео́рия вы́борочного ме́тода стат. ( не путать с отсчё́тами в теории сообщений) — theory of sampling

тео́рия вы́четов — residue theory

тео́рия гра́фов мат. — graph theory

тео́рия групп мат. — group theory, theory of groups

тео́рия дво́йственности — duality theory

тео́рия доказа́тельства — proof theory

тео́рия Друде́—Ло́ренца элк. — Drude-Lorentz theory

тео́рия игр мат. — theory of games, game(s) theory

тео́рия информа́ции — general theory of communication, information theory

ква́нтовая тео́рия — quantum theory

тео́рия кисло́т и основа́ний — acid-base theory

класси́ческая тео́рия — classical theory

тео́рия крыла́ — airfoil theory

лучева́я тео́рия — ray theory

тео́рия ма́лых сигна́лов — small signal theory

тео́рия ма́ссового обслу́живания — queueing [waiting-line] theory

тео́рия ме́ры мат. — measure theory

тео́рия мно́жеств — set theory

тео́рия надё́жности — reliability theory

тео́рия наибо́льших деформа́ций — ultimate strain theory

тео́рия относи́тельности — theory of relativity

тео́рия относи́тельности, о́бщая — general theory of relativity, general relativity

тео́рия относи́тельности, специа́льная — special theory of relativity

тео́рия очереде́й — queueing [waiting-line] theory

тео́рия оши́бок — error analysis

тео́рия перено́са — transport theory

тео́рия подо́бия — similarity theory

тео́рия по́ля — field theory

тео́рия разме́рностей — dimensional theory

тео́рия регули́рования — control theory

тео́рия реле́йных схем — switching-circuit theory

тео́рия све́та, волнова́я — wave theory of light

тео́рия све́та, ква́нтовая — quantum theory of light

тео́рия све́та, корпускуля́рная — corpuscular theory of light

тео́рия соедине́ний — combinatorial mathematics, combinatorics

тео́рия сравне́ний — congruence theory

тео́рия статисти́ческих оце́нок — theory of estimation

тео́рия столкнове́ний — collision theory

стро́гая тео́рия — rigorous theory

тео́рия твё́рдых тел, зо́нная — band theory of solids

тео́рия теплопереда́чи — heat-transfer theory

тео́рия управле́ния — control theory

тео́рия упру́гости — theory of elasticity

тео́рия усто́йчивости — stability theory

феноменологи́ческая тео́рия — phenomenological [formal] theory

форма́льная тео́рия — formal theory

тео́рия цве́тности — theory of colour value

тео́рия цепе́й — circuit [network] theory

тео́рия чи́сел — theory of numbers, number theory

[ˌdɪstrɪˈbju:ʃən]

distribution распространение; age distribution возрастная структура (населения) age distribution распределение по возрасту arrival distribution вчт. распределение входящего потока assets available for distribution свободные активы для распределения assumed distribution гипотетическое распределение balanced distribution сбалансированное распределение beta distribution бета-распределение bimodal distribution бимодальное распределение bimodal distribution двухвершинное распределение binomial distribution биномиальное распределение bivariate distribution двухмерное распределение bonus distribution распределение премии chi-squared distribution распределение хи-квадрат distribution распределение; раздача; commodity distribution товарное обращение conditional distribution условное распределение cost distribution распределение затрат delay-in-queue distribution вчт. распределение времени ожидания disproportionate distribution непропорциональное распределение имущества между наследниками distribution бонусная эмиссия акций distribution мат., лингв. дистрибуция distribution доставка товаров distribution классификация distribution отправление (правосудия) distribution продажа большой партии ценных бумаг без негативного воздействия на цены distribution полигр. разбор шрифта и распределение его по кассам distribution раздача distribution разделение distribution размещение distribution размещение промышленности distribution размещение ценных бумаг на рынке distribution расположение distribution распределение; раздача; commodity distribution товарное обращение distribution распределение distribution распределение доходов distribution распределение имущества между наследниками по закону distribution распределение имущества среди наследников distribution распределение имущества среди наследников по закону distribution распределение национального дохода distribution распределение части дохода компании между акционерами distribution распространение; age distribution возрастная структура (населения) distribution распространение distribution спекулятивная распродажа акций в предвидении падения курса distribution сфера обращения distribution транспортировка товаров distribution by currency распределение по валюте distribution by denomination распределение по нарицательной стоимости distribution by sector распределение по секторам distribution of bonus units распределение премиальных процентов distribution of costs распределение затрат distribution of costs between state and local authorities распределение расходов между властями штата и местными органами власти distribution of dividend распределение дивиденда distribution of estate раздел имущества distribution of estate распределение имущества между наследниками по закону distribution of goods распределение товаров distribution of goods рассылка товаров distribution of incomes распределение доходов distribution of losses распределение убытков distribution of occupations распределение профессий distribution of power разграничение компетенции distribution of profits распределение доходов distribution of profits распределение прибылей distribution of responsibility and authority распределение ответственности и полномочий distribution of risk страх. распределение риска distribution of shares распределение акций distribution of surplus распределение прибыли distribution of tasks распределение заданий distribution of trust fund распределение капитала, переданного в доверительное управление distribution of work распределение работы distribution on countries распределение по странам dividend distribution выплата дивидендов dividend distribution распределение прибыли empirical distribution эмпирическое распределение equal distribution равномерное распределение even distribution равномерное распределение exposure frequency distribution распределение частоты контакта со средствами рекламы final distribution окончательное распределение first distribution первая выплата дивидендов frequency distribution стат. эмпирическая плотность распределения home address distribution марк. рассылка по домашним адресам income distribution распределение дохода income distribution распределение доходов industrial distribution отраслевое распределение input distribution вчт. распределение входящего потока liability distribution распределение ответственности limited distribution ограниченное распределение limiting distribution предельное распределение logarithmic normal distribution логарифмически нормальное распределение logarithmically normal distribution логарифмически нормальное распределение lognormal distribution логарифмически нормальное распределение maturity distribution распределение сроков платежа next-arrival distribution вчт. распределение интервалов между требованиями normal distribution нормальное распределение occupational distribution распределение населения по роду деятельности open distribution свободное распределение output distribution вчт. распределение выходящего потока overhead distribution распределение накладных расходов percentage distribution процентное распределение poisson distribution пуассоновское распределение Poisson distribution стат. пуассоновское распределение power distribution распределение мощности power distribution распределение энергии prior distribution априорное распределение pro rata distribution пропорциональное распределение имущества среди наследников probability distribution распределение вероятностей probability distribution мат. распределение вероятностей profit distribution распределение прибыли queue-length distribution вчт. распределение длины очереди random distribution распределение случайной величины reserve fund distribution распределение резервного фонда sample distribution выборочное распределение sampling distribution выборочное рапсределение secondary distribution вторичное размещение ценных бумаг sectoral distribution распределение (национального дохода) по секторам selective distribution выборочное распределение service distribution вчт. распределение времени обслуживания simultaneous distribution совместное распределение sojourn distribution распределение времени пребывания subsequent distribution последующее распределение uniform distribution равномерное распределение univariate distribution одномерное распределение waiting-time distribution распределение времени ожидания

[ˈmɔdl]

abstract model абстрактная модель abstract model building вчт. абстрактное моделирование allocation model модель распределения analytical model аналитическая модель associative model ассоциативная модель autonomous model автономная модель autoregressive model авторегрессионная модель backlogging model модель с задалживанием роста заказов battle model модель боя behavioral model модель поведения binomial model биномиальная модель binomial model биномиальное распределение clay-clay model жесткая модель closed model замкнутая модель coalition model модель коалиции cobweb model паутинообразная модель cognitive model когнитивная модель communication model модель общения computational model вычислительная модель computer model машинная модель conceptual model концептуальная модель cyclic queueing model вчт. циклическая модель массового обслуживания data model вчт. модель данных decision model модель принятия решений decision-theory model модель выбора решений decision-theory model модель принятия решений double-risk model модель с двойным риском dynamic model динамическая модель dynamic programming model вчт. модель динамического программирования econometric model эконометрическая модель entity-relationship model модель типа объект-отношение equilibrium model модель равновесия estimation model модель оценивания explaining model поясняющая модель finite-horizon model модель с конечным интервалом fixed-horizon model модель с постоянным интервалом fixed-service-level model модель с фиксированным уровнем обслуживания formal model формальная модель game model игровая модель game-theory model теоретико-игровая модель general duel model общая модель дуэли generalized model обобщенная модель generic model типовая модель global model глобальная модель imaging model модель изображений interindustry programming model вчт. межотраслевая модель программирования interruption model модель с возможностью прерывания обслуживания knowledge model вчт. модель знаний labyrinth model лабиринтная модель language model модель языка learning model модель обучения linear model линейная модель linear programming model модель линейного программирования linear regressive model линейный регрессионная модель linguistic model лингвистическая модель logical model логическая модель logical-linguistic model логико-лингвистическая модель macrosectoral model макроотраслевая модель many-server model вчт. многоканальная модель master-workers model модель хозяин-работники matrix model матричная модель model быть натурщиком, натурщицей, живой моделью, манекенщицей model живая модель (в магазине одежды) model макет model манекен model моделировать; лепить model модель, макет; шаблон model модель model натурщик; натурщица model образец, эталон model образец model attr. образцовый, примерный model оформлять model примерный, типовой (о конвенции, уставе и т.д.) model создавать по образцу (чего-л.; after, on); to model oneself ((up)on smb.) брать (кого-л.) за образец model тип model разг. точная копия model тех. формировать model шаблон model создавать по образцу (чего-л.; after, on); to model oneself ((up)on smb.) брать (кого-л.) за образец moving-average model модель скользящего среднего multichannel priority model вчт. многоканальная модель с приоритетами multifactor model многофакторная модель multiple model многоуровневая модель multistation queueing model вчт. многоканальная модель обслуживания network model сетевая модель no-backlog model модель без задалживания заказов no-queue model модель без образования очереди non-poisson model непуассоновская модель one-factor model однофакторная модель one-period model однопериодная модель open model открытая модель open model разомкнутая модель operations research model модель исследования операций phenomenological model феноменологическая модель pictorial model графическая модель pilot model опытный образец pilot: model plant опытный завод, опытная установка; pilot model опытная модель poisson model пуассоновская модель predicitive model прогнозирующая модель preference model модель предпочтений priority model модель с приоритетами probability model вероятностная модель probability model стохастическая модель production model производственная модель prognostic model прогностическая модель queueing model модель массового обслуживания queueing model модель очереди random model вероятностная модель random model стохастическая модель reduced model упрощенная модель regression model регрессионная модель relational model реляционная модель scaling model шкальная модель security model модель механизма защиты semi-poisson model полупуассоновская модель shortest-route model модель выбора кратчайшего пути sign model знаковая модель simplex model симплексная модель simulation model имитационная модель single-channel model одноканальная модель single-period model однопериодная модель single-phase model однофазовая модель single-server model одноканальная модель singular model одноуровневая модель software model вчт. программная модель solid model объемная модель sophisticated model усложненная модель standard model типовая модель static equilibrium model модель статического равновесия static inventory model статическая модель управления запасами static model статическая модель station-to-station model многошаговая модель stochastic model вероятностная модель teaching model учебная модель (машины, оборудования) three-dimensional model трехмерная модель transportation model транспортная задача transshipment model модель перевозок с промежуточными пунктами trend-free model модель с отсутствием тренда trial model испытательный образец trial model пробный образец two-echelon model двухступенчатая модель two-state model модель с двумя состояниями user model модель пользователя waiting line model модель очереди wire-frame model каркасная модель world decision model всеобщая модель решений world model модель мира

be [bi:]

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1. link verb

2. auxiliary verb

3. modal verb

4. intransitive verb

5. impersonal verb

6. compounds

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► pres am, is, are, pret was, were, ptp been

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1. link verb

   a. être

• the sky is blue le ciel est bleu

• who is that? -- it's me! qui est-ce ? -- c'est moi !

• she's English elle est anglaise

• they are friendly ils sont sympathiques

• if I were you I would refuse si j'étais vous, je refuserais

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► The following translations use ce + être because they contain an article or possessive in French.

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• she is an Englishwoman c'est une Anglaise

• they are my best friends ce sont mes meilleurs amis

• it's the most expensive c'est le plus cher

   b. (with occupation) être

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► No article is used in French, unless the noun is qualified by an adjective.

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• he wants to be a doctor il veut être médecin

• she's a well-known lawyer c'est une avocate renommée

   c. (referring to health) aller

• how are you? comment allez-vous ?

• I'm better now je vais mieux maintenant

   d. ( = cost) coûter

• how much is it? combien ça coûte ?

   e. ( = equal) faire

• two and two are four deux et deux font quatre

   f.

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► Note how the verb avoir is used when translating to be + certain adjectives.

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• to be cold/hot/hungry/thirsty/ashamed/right/wrong avoir froid/chaud/faim/soif/honte/raison/tort

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► Note how French makes the person, not the part of the body, the subject of the sentence in the following.

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• my feet are cold j'ai froid aux pieds

• my hands are frozen j'ai les mains gelées

   g. (with age) avoir

• how old is he? quel âge a-t-il ?

• he's 25 il a 25 ans

• she's about my age elle a à peu près mon âge

2. auxiliary verb

   a. (in continuous tenses)

► to be + -ing

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► French does not distinguish between simple and continuous actions as much as English does.

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• I'm coming! j'arrive !

• she's always complaining elle est toujours en train de se plaindre

• what have you been doing this week? qu'est-ce que tu as fait cette semaine ?

• will you be seeing her tomorrow? est-ce que vous allez la voir demain ?

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► être en train de + infinitive emphasizes that one is in the middle of the action.

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• I haven't got time, I'm cooking the dinner je n'ai pas le temps, je suis en train de préparer le repas

• I was just writing to him when he phoned j'étais en train de lui écrire quand il m'a appelé

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► The imperfect tense is used for continuous action in the past.

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• he was driving too fast il conduisait trop vite

► have/had been +... for/since

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► French uses the present and imperfect where English uses the perfect and past perfect.

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• I've been waiting for you for an hour je t'attends depuis une heure

• I've been waiting for you since six o'clock je t'attends depuis six heures

• I'd been at university for six weeks when my father got ill j'étais à l'université depuis six semaines quand mon père est tombé malade

   b. (in tag questions seeking confirmation) n'est-ce pas ?

• he's a friend of yours, isn't he? c'est un ami à toi, n'est-ce pas ?

• she wasn't happy, was she? elle n'était pas heureuse, n'est-ce pas ?

• so it's all done, is it? tout est fait, alors ?

• you're not ill, are you? tu n'es pas malade j'espère ?

   c. (in tag responses) they're getting married -- oh are they? ils vont se marier -- ah bon ?

• he's going to complain about you -- oh is he? il va porter plainte contre toi -- ah vraiment ?

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► When answering questions, oui or non may be used alone.

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• he's always late, isn't he? -- yes, he is il est toujours en retard, n'est-ce pas ? -- oui

• is it what you expected? -- no it isn't est-ce que tu t'attendais à ça ? -- non

   d. (in passives) être

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► The past participle in French passive constructions agrees with the subject.

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• he was killed il a été tué

• she was killed elle a été tuée

• both goals were scored in the second half les deux buts ont été marqués à la deuxième mi-temps

• the cars were set on fire les voitures ont été incendiées

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► The passive is used less in French than in English. It is often expressed by on + active verb.

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• the door was shut in his face on lui a fermé la porte au nez

• it is said that... on dit que...

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► The reflexive can be used to describe how something is usually done.

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• peaches are sold by the kilo les pêches se vendent au kilo

3. modal verb

► am/are/is to + infinitive

   a. ( = will)

the talks are to start tomorrow les négociations doivent commencer demain

• now the old lady has died, her house is to be sold maintenant que la vieille dame est décédée, sa maison va être mise en vente

   b. ( = must) you are to follow these instructions exactly tu dois suivre ces instructions scrupuleusement

• you are not to touch that tu ne dois pas y toucher

• this door is not to be opened cette porte ne doit pas être ouverte

   c. ( = should) he is to be pitied il est à plaindre

• not to be confused with... à ne pas confondre avec...

   d. ( = be destined to) this was to have serious repercussions cela devait avoir de graves répercussions

• they were never to return ils ne devaient jamais revenir

   e. ( = can) these birds are to be found all over the world on trouve ces oiseaux dans le monde entier

4. intransitive verb

   a. être ; ( = take place) avoir lieu

• to be or not to be être ou ne pas être

• he is there at the moment, but he won't be there much longer il est là en ce moment mais il ne va pas rester très longtemps

• the match is tomorrow le match a lieu demain

• Christmas Day is on a Wednesday this year Noël tombe un mercredi cette année

► there is/are ( = there exist(s)) il y a

• there is a mouse in the room il y a une souris dans la pièce

• there are pigeons on the roof il y a des pigeons sur le toit

• I thought there would be problems je pensais qu'il y aurait des problèmes

• there are three of us nous sommes trois► there's (pointing out sth) voilà

• there's the church voilà l'église► here is/are voici

• here's your key voici ta clé

• here are the tickets voici les billets

• here you are at last! te voilà enfin !

• here you are! ( = take this) tiens (or tenez) !

   b. ► to have been (to a place)

I have already been to Paris je suis déjà allé à Paris

• I have been to see my aunt je suis allé voir ma tante

• he has been and gone il est venu et reparti

• where have you been? où étais-tu passé ?

5. impersonal verb

   a. (weather, temperature) faire

• it's fine/cold/dark il fait beau/froid/nuit

• it's 20 degrees in the shade il fait 20 degrés à l'ombre

• it's windy/foggy il y a du vent/du brouillard

   b. (time) être

• it's morning c'est le matin

• it's 6 o'clock il est 6 heures

• tomorrow is Friday demain c'est vendredi

• it is 14 June today nous sommes le 14 juin

   c. (emphatic) it's me who does all the work c'est moi qui fais tout le travail

• it was then we realized that... c'est alors que nous nous sommes rendu compte que...

• it was they who suggested that... ce sont eux qui ont suggéré que...

• why is it that she is so popular? pourquoi a-t-elle tant de succès ?

6. compounds

► the be-all and end-all noun le but suprême

* * *

intransitive verb (p prés being; 3^e pers sg prés is, prét was, pp been)

1) gen être

2) ( in probability)

3) ( phrases)

1. long [lɒŋ, Am lɑ:ŋ] adj

1) ( in space) lang;

( covering great distance) weit;

( elongated) lang, länglich; (fam: tall) groß, lang ( fam)

the rods are 20 cm \long die Stäbe sind 20 cm lang;

we're still a \long way from the station wir sind noch weit vom Bahnhof entfernt;

as \long as one's arm ( fig) ellenlang;

there was a list of complaints as \long as your arm es gab eine ellenlange Liste von Beschwerden;

\long journey weite Reise;

to have come a \long way einen weiten Weg zurückgelegt haben, von weit her gekommen sein;

to go a \long way ( fig) es weit [o zu etwas] bringen;

to go a \long way toward[s] sth ( fig) eine große Hilfe bei etw dat sein;

to have a \long way to go ( fig) [noch] einen weiten Weg vor sich dat haben

2) ( in time) lang;

( tedious) lang, langwierig ( pej)

we go back a \long way wir kennen uns schon seit ewigen Zeiten;

each session is an hour \long jede Sitzung dauert eine Stunde;

to draw a \long breath tief Luft holen;

\long career [jahre]lange Karriere;

a \long day ein langer [und anstrengender] Tag;

\long friendship langjährige Freundschaft;

a \long memory ein gutes Gedächtnis;

to have a \long memory for sth etw nicht so schnell vergessen;

\long service jahrelanger Dienst;

a \long time eine lange Zeit;

it was a \long time before I received a reply es dauerte lange, bis ich [eine] Antwort bekam;

to be a \long while since... [schon] eine Weile her sein, seit...;

to work \long hours einen langen Arbeitstag haben

3) ( in extent) lang;

the report is 20 pages \long der Bericht ist 20 Seiten lang;

a \long book ein dickes Buch;

a \long list eine lange Liste

4) pred ( fam);

to be \long on sth etw reichlich haben;

to be \long on charm jede Menge Charme besitzen;

to be \long on wit sehr geistreich sein

5) ling

a \long vowel ein langer Vokal

6) ( having low probability)

\long chance geringe Chance;

\long odds geringe [Gewinn]chancen

7) fin

a \long security/ shares eine Versicherung/Aktien fpl mit langer Laufzeit

the \long arm of the law der lange Arm des Gesetzes;

[not] by a \long chalk bei weitem [nicht];

in the \long run langfristig gesehen, auf lange Sicht [gesehen];

\long time, no see ( no see) ( fam) lange nicht gesehen ( fam)

to be \long in the tooth nicht mehr der Jüngste sein;

to be \long in the tooth to do sth zu alt sein, [um] etw zu tun;

to take the \long view [of sth] [etw] auf lange Sicht betrachten n

1) ( long period) eine lange Zeit;

have you been waiting for \long? wartest du schon lange?;

to take \long [to do sth] lange brauchen[, um etw zu tun];

it won't take \long es wird nicht lange dauern;

take as \long as you like lass dir Zeit

2) ( in Morse code) lang;

one short and three \longs einmal kurz und dreimal lang

the \long and the short of sth kurz gesagt;

before [very [or too]] \long schon [sehr] bald adv

1) ( for a long time) lang[e];

have you been waiting \long? wartest du schon lange?;

how \long have you lived here? wie lange haben Sie hier gewohnt?;

the authorities have \long known that... ( form) den Behörden war seit langem bekannt, dass...;

\long live the king! lang lebe der König!;

to be \long lange brauchen;

I won't be \long ( before finishing) ich bin gleich fertig;

( before appearing) ich bin gleich da;

don't be \long beeil dich!

2) ( at a distant time) lange;

\long ago vor langer Zeit;

\long after/before... lange nachdem/bevor...

3) ( after implied point of time) lange;

I can't wait any \longer to open my presents! ich kann es gar nicht [mehr] erwarten, endlich meine Geschenke auszupacken!

4) ( throughout)

all day/ night/summer \long den ganzen Tag/die ganze Nacht/den ganzen Sommer [lang]

to be not \long for this world (dated) nicht mehr lange zu leben haben, mit einem Fuß/Bein im Grabe sein ( fam)

as [or so] \long as... so lange...;

( provided that) sofern..., vorausgesetzt, dass...;

so \long (dated) tschüs, bis dann

2. long [lɒŋ, Am lɑ:ŋ] vi

sich akk sehnen;

to \long for sth sich akk nach etw dat sehnen;

to \long to do sth sich akk danach sehnen, etw zu tun

4. n geog abbrev of longitude Länge f

1) задача; проблема

2) неисправность

3) трудность, затруднение

•

- absorption problem

- abstract problem

- accompanying problem

- adjoint problem

- advertizing problem

- algebraic problem

- algorithmically unsolvable problem

- applied problem

- approach problem

- arithmetical problem

- assignment problem

- asymptotic problem

- attack-and-defense problem

- augmented problem

- auxiliary problem

- axially symmetric problem

- ballistic problem

- ballot problem

- barrier problem

- basic maximum problem

- betting problem

- bidual problem

- bifurcation problem

- biharmonic problem

- binary problem

- birthday problem

- blending problem

- bottleneck problem

- boundary problem

- bounded problem

- bounded-variable problem

- brachistochrone problem

- burglar problem

- cake-cutting problem

- calculability problem

- canonical problem

- capacitated transportation problem

- cataloguing problem

- caterer problem

- Cauchy problem

- center problem

- center-and-focus problem

- central asymptotic problem

- chance-constrained problem

- characteristic problem

- characterization problem

- check problem

- classical problem

- classification problem

- closed problem

- coercitive problem

- coexistence problem

- coin-tossing problem

- coin-weighing problem

- coloring problem

- combinatorial problem

- compactness problem

- competitive problem

- compression problem

- computational problem

- conceptual problem

- conjugate problem

- constant problem

- construction problem

- continuum problem

- contract-awards problem

- control problem

- convergence problem

- convex programming problem

- correspondence problem

- counterfeit coin problem

- crossing problem

- dancing problem

- decidability problem

- decision problem under certainty

- decoding problem

- degenerate problem

- delivery problem

- diet problem

- differentiation problem

- diffusion problem

- dimensionality problem

- direct problem

- Dirichlet's problem

- disorder problem

- distribution problem

- divisor problem

- domino problem

- econometric problem

- effectivity problem

- eigenvalue problem

- election problem

- embedding problem

- empirical problem

- encounter problem

- entrance-fee problem

- enumerability problem

- enumeration problem

- epistemological problem

- equilibrium problem

- equivalence problem

- equivalent problem

- error minimization problem

- estimation problem

- evolutionary problem

- explosion problem

- extended problem

- extension problem

- extremal problem

- feasibility problem

- feasible problem

- feed mix problem

- filtering problem

- finitary problem

- five queens problem

- fixed-charge problem

- flow problem

- forecasting problem

- foreman problem

- gambler ruin problem

- general problem

- generalized problem

- gold-mining problem

- graph-theoretic problem

- halting problem

- hill-climbing problem

- homogeneity problem

- homogeneous problem

- homotopy problem

- identification problem

- identity problem

- ill-conditioned problem

- ill-defined problem

- ill-posed problem

- ill-structured problem

- improperly posed problem

- index of problem

- infeasible problem

- inference problem

- infinite medium problem

- infinitesimal problem

- information retrieval problem

- inhomogeneous problem

- initial problem

- initial-value problem

- inner problem

- insoluble problem

- integration problem

- interpolation problem

- intractable problem

- intricate problem

- invariant problem

- inverse problem

- inversion problem

- irregular problem

- isometric problem

- isomorphism problem

- isoperimetric problem

- knapsack problem

- knight problem

- labyrinth problem

- lattice search problem

- linear problem

- loading problem

- location problem

- many-body problem

- map-colouring problem

- map-folding problem

- mass problem

- master problem

- matching problem

- mathematical problem

- maximization problem

- maximum-flow problem

- menage problem

- menu problem

- metrization problem

- minimal length problem

- minimax problem

- minimization problem

- mixed problem

- module problem

- moment problem

- monkey-banana problem

- monotonic problem

- moving boundary problem

- multicriterion problem

- multidecision problem

- multidimensional problem

- multiextremal problem

- multiindex problem

- multiple-integral problem

- multivariate problem

- natural problem

- necklace problem

- needle problem

- nested problem

- network flow problem

- network problem

- newspaper-boy problem

- nondifferentiable problem

- nonhomogeneous problem

- nonlinear problem

- nonlinear programming problem

- nonparametric problem

- nonsequential problem

- nonstationary problem

- nonstochastic problem

- non-uniform problem

- nonwell-posed problem

- normal problem

- normative problem

- number problem

- numerical problem

- observation problem

- occupancy problem

- one-armed bandit problem

- one-dimensional problem

- one-sample problem

- open problem

- optimal assignment problem

- optimization problem

- optimum problem

- orderability problem

- original problem

- outer problem

- overspecified problem

- packing problem

- parametric dual problem

- parking problem

- partition problem

- percolation problem

- permutation problem

- personnel-assignment problem

- petrol blending problem

- picnic problem

- plane problem

- Plateau's problem

- polar problem

- polynomial approximation problem

- positional problem

- postman problem

- power moment problem

- prediction problem

- prefix problem

- prey-predator problem

- primal problem

- probabilistic problem

- problem of allocation

- problem of deadly embrace

- problem of derangements

- problem of eight queens

- problem of elimination

- problem of form equivalence

- problem of interpolating

- problem of interpretation

- problem of inverse probability

- problem of localization

- problem of matching

- problem of projectivity

- problem of reduction

- problem of separability

- problem of six red disks

- problem of solvability

- problem of thirteen spheres

- problem of uniqueness

- problem of warders

- programming problem

- properly posed problem

- purchasing problem

- pursuit problem

- puzzle problem

- pyramided problem

- quadratic programming problem

- quadrature problem

- quasilinear problem

- random-walk problem

- ranking problem

- realizability problem

- recursively enumerable problem

- reduced problem

- reducibility problem

- reducible problem

- regression problem

- relaxed problem

- rendezvous problem

- representation problem

- resource allocation problem

- restricted problem

- roulette problem

- routine problem

- ruin problem

- saddle point problem

- satisfiability problem

- scheduling problem

- schoolgirls problem

- scope of problem

- search problem

- secretary problem

- self-adjoint problem

- semidefinite problem

- separable problem

- separation problem

- sequencing problem

- sequential decision problem

- singular problem

- solvable problem

- special problem

- specialization problem

- spectral problem

- stable marriage problem

- statistical problem

- stereometric problem

- stiff problem

- stopping problem

- structural problem

- substitution problem

- symmetric problem

- systems analysis problem

- taxicab problem

- tenth problem

- termination problem

- ternary problem

- three body problem

- three-choice problem

- three-color problem

- three-dimensional problem

- three-point problem

- timetable problem

- tournament problem

- toymaker problem

- trace problem

- tradeoff problem

- traffic problem

- trajectory problem

- transformed problem

- transport problem

- transportation problem

- transshipment problem

- trasport problem

- travelling salesman problem

- tree-structured problem

- triangulizability problem

- trigonometric moment problem

- trigonometric problem

- trim problem

- two body problem

- two noncharacteristic problem

- two-armed-bandit problem

- two-body problem

- two-choice problem

- two-dimensional problem

- two-means problem

- two-point boundary problem

- two-sample problem

- uncertainty problem

- unconstrained problem

- undecidable problem

- underspecified problem

- unicity problem

- universal problem

- unsolvable problem

- unstable problem

- unstructural problem

- unsymmetric dual problem

- variational problem

- waiting time problem

- warehousing problem

- well-behaved problem

- well-defined problem

- well-formulated problem

- well-set problem

- well-structured problem

- word problem

- worked problem

[ˈθɪərɪ]

applied decision theory прикладная теория принятия решений automata theory теория автоматов axiomatic theory аксиоматическая теория communication theory теория связи deterrence theory теория устрашения expectation theory теория вероятностей game theory теория игр graph theory теория графов theory разг. предположение; to have a theory that... полагать, что... hemline theory бирж. теория "длины дамских юбок" (шуточная теория о том, что цены акций движутся в одном направлении с длиной дамских юбок) information theory теория информации intimidation theory теория устрашения legal theory правовая теория linear programming theory теория линейного программирования liquidity preference theory теория предпочтения ликвидности logic theory матлогика logical theory логическая теория nonlinearized theory нелинейная теория theory теория; numbers theory теория чисел operations research theory теория исследования операций optimal control theory оптимальная теория управления optimization theory теория оптимизации price theory полит.эк. теория цен probabilistic decision theory вероятностная теория принятия решений probability theory теория вероятностей queueing theory стат. теория массового обслуживания queueing theory теория массового обслуживания representation theory теория представлений sampling theory теория выборочного метода theory разг. предположение; to have a theory that... полагать, что... theory теоретические основы theory теоретические правила theory теория; numbers theory теория чисел theory теория theory of large samples теория больших выборок theory of law теория права theory of matrices теория матриц theory of programming вчт. теория программирования theory of queues стат. теория массового обслуживания theory of random processes теория случайных процессов theory of sets теория множеств theory of statistical decision теория статистических решений theory of stochastic processes теория случайных процессов theory of testing hypothesis теория проверки гипотез theory of time series теория временных рядов theory of wages теория заработной платы theory of waiting lines теория массового обслуживания theory of weighted smoothing теория взвешенного сглаживания waiting line theory стат. теория массового обслуживания